The role of outward foreign direct investment as a filter for high energy intensity economies in the European Union

This study examines the effects of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on energy intensity among the member countries of the European Union between 2000 and 2021. This relationship is deemed important in elucidating whether there is a process of filtering out energy-intensive companies where the use of FDI is employed to lead out production and improve energy intensity in the source country of the investment. To estimate this relationship, we employ feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) and panel corrected standard error (PCSE) for robustness purposes. Additionally, we complement our results with an estimation of the Granger causality relationships between our variables. Our findings reveal a highly significant trend wherein outward FDI from European Union countries tends to reduce energy intensity, thereby enhancing the productivity of the source countries of the investment. Conversely, only the technological productivity ratio exhibits a unidirectional causal relationship with energy intensity, while GDP per capita and natural resource rents serve as causes of energy intensity and vice versa. From this study, some policy recommendations can be derived whereby the European Union can continue to incentivize this filtering process to ensure better technological advancement in its production system, thereby improving the efficiency of the European industrial fabric.