Temporal trends in cardiovascular burden among patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: a population-based cohort study

Background: Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with cardiovascular risks, the extent and temporal trends of cardiovascular burden amongst patients with prostate cancer receiving ADT are unclear. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed adults with PCa receiving ADT between 1993–2021 in Hong Kong, with follow-up until 31/9/2021 for the primary outcome of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; composite of cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure), and the secondary outcome of mortality. Patients were stratified into four groups by the year of ADT initiation for comparisons. Results: Altogether, 13,537 patients were included (mean age 75.5 ± 8.5 years old; mean follow-up 4.7 ± 4.3 years). More recent recipients of ADT had more cardiovascular risk factors and used more cardiovascular or antidiabetic medications. More recent recipients of ADT had higher risk of MACE (most recent (2015–2021) vs least recent (1993–2000) group: hazard ratio 1.33 [1.11, 1.59], P = 0.002; P_trend < 0.001), but lower risk of mortality (hazard ratio 0.76 [0.70, 0.83], P < 0.001; P_trend < 0.001). The 5-year risk of MACE and mortality for the most recent group were 22.5% [20.9%, 24.2%] and 52.9% [51.3%, 54.6%], respectively. Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors were increasingly prevalent amongst patients with prostate cancer receiving ADT, with increasing risk of MACE despite decreasing mortality.