Investigating the moderating role of gender on tourists experiences in visiting the Middle East destinations: from perceived risk to emotions

Studies indicate that females and males often have different perceptions and emotional responses while experiencing the same phenomenon. These differences are even more pronounced in the context of risk, underscoring the need to explore gender's role in risk-related experiences further. This study addresses this gap by investigating the moderating effect of gender on tourists’ experiences in visiting Middle East destinations by applying the cognitive appraisal theory, based on data collected from international tourists visiting the region. Perceived risk and past experience play influential roles in tourists’ task value and self-efficacy, which in turn influence their appraisal of seven emotions: anger, anxiety, boredom, hopelessness, enjoyment, pride, and shame. Findings reveal significant differences between female and male tourists regarding their risk perceptions of travelling to Middle East destinations and the emotions they experienced before, during, and after their trip. This research offers practical implications for Destination Management Organisations in Middle East countries to enhance tourism development by addressing gender-specific perceptions and emotional responses related to their travel experience there.