Innovated Sustainable Robotics Solutions for Green Construction of Sand-Free Plastering †

River sand is an essential resource for the construction industry and is extensively used worldwide. However, its limited availability has led to supply shortages and rising costs. As a non-renewable resource, sand accumulates behind river dams, and its extraction using mechanical dredgers harms river ecosystems. Overexploitation has depleted riverbeds and caused significant environmental concerns. The construction sector faces challenges such as water and sand scarcity, along with the use of substandard sand. Growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by excessive sand use has prompted researchers to explore alternatives to sand in cement and concrete. One promising approach is sand-free plastering, which is being investigated as a sustainable alternative to traditional sand-based plaster. We analyzed the physical properties of sand-free plaster materials and the development of an automated robotic system for applying these materials in green buildings. By promoting sustainability, these innovations aim to address the challenges posed by sand scarcity while minimizing environmental impacts.