Framework Development for Evaluating the Efficacy of Mobile Language Learning Apps

Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has emerged as a powerful tool for language education, offering flexibility, multimedia integration, and personalized learning experiences. Despite its growing adoption, most studies have focused on user perceptions and learning outcomes, with limited attention given to systematically evaluating the design, content, and pedagogical efficacy of mobile language learning apps (MLLAs). To address this gap in the effective design of MALL tools, this study developed an evaluation framework by integrating and refining elements from three established models in the field. The framework is organized into four dimensions: background and characteristics, app design, app content, and app pedagogy. It incorporates objective criteria alongside a standardized scoring system (0–2) to ensure consistent and systematic evaluations. The resulting framework provides researchers and educators with a tool to analyze and compare MLLAs based on their alignment with effective teaching and learning principles. This study contributes to the advancement of MALL app evaluation, supporting their development and improving teaching practices and learner outcomes.