TY - JOUR
T1 - Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities
T2 - Levels, emission sources and toxicity equivalents
AU - Chakraborty, Paromita
AU - Zhang, Gan
AU - Eckhardt, Sabine
AU - Li, Jun
AU - Breivik, Knut
AU - Lam, Paul K.S.
AU - Tanabe, Shinsuke
AU - Jones, Kevin C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-GJ02 ) and Natural Scientific Foundation of China (NSFC) (Project No. 41025020), the Area of Excellence Scheme under the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. AoE/P-04/2004) and manuscript and model preparation was completed with the support of the Fast Track Grant under Young Scientist Scheme by the Depart of Science and Technology, Government of India ( SR/FTP/EE-44/2012 ). SE and KB was supported by the Research Council of Norway ( 213577/F10 ). The authors would like to thank Mumbai resident Mr. Elvis Dsouza for his extensive support during sampling.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Atmospheric concentration of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured on diurnal basis by active air sampling during Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 in seven major cities from the northern (New Delhi and Agra), eastern (Kolkata), western (Mumbai and Goa) and southern (Chennai and Bangalore) parts of India. Average concentration of Σ25PCBs in the Indian atmosphere was 4460 (±2200) pg/m-3 with a dominance of congeners with 4-7 chlorine atoms. Model results (HYSPLIT, FLEXPART) indicate that the source areas are likely confined to local or regional proximity. Results from the FLEXPART model show that existing emission inventories cannot explain the high concentrations observed for PCB-28. Electronic waste, ship breaking activities and dumped solid waste are attributed as the possible sources of PCBs in India. Σ25PCB concentrations for each city showed significant linear correlation with Toxicity equivalence (TEQ) and Neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) values.
AB - Atmospheric concentration of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured on diurnal basis by active air sampling during Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 in seven major cities from the northern (New Delhi and Agra), eastern (Kolkata), western (Mumbai and Goa) and southern (Chennai and Bangalore) parts of India. Average concentration of Σ25PCBs in the Indian atmosphere was 4460 (±2200) pg/m-3 with a dominance of congeners with 4-7 chlorine atoms. Model results (HYSPLIT, FLEXPART) indicate that the source areas are likely confined to local or regional proximity. Results from the FLEXPART model show that existing emission inventories cannot explain the high concentrations observed for PCB-28. Electronic waste, ship breaking activities and dumped solid waste are attributed as the possible sources of PCBs in India. Σ25PCB concentrations for each city showed significant linear correlation with Toxicity equivalence (TEQ) and Neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) values.
KW - Air
KW - FLEXPART
KW - HYSPLIT
KW - India
KW - Polychlorinated biphenyls
KW - Toxicity equivalents
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84882801826&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.032
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.032
M3 - Article
C2 - 23954623
AN - SCOPUS:84882801826
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 182
SP - 283
EP - 290
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
ER -
