Advanced Evaluation of Propagation Models and Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I) communication can be improved and made safer with the help of Ad hoc networks for vehicles (VANETs). Roadside Units (RSUs) and vehicles must communicate effectively for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to function. One of the biggest problems with vehicle communication is creating reliable routes with efficient routing algorithms for data distribution. Ensuring dependable packet distribution also involves refining the routing and propagation models. In contrast to prior works that rely on simplified or hypothetical scenarios, this study utilizes real-world traffic data from Rourkela, India, to evaluate the performance of VANET routing protocols. Additionally, this paper introduces a detailed comparison of propagation models under realistic vehicular mobility conditions, providing practical implications in dense urban environments. By combining the simulation outputs of NS-3 and SUMO, we present a comprehensive analysis of both routing protocols and propagation models, bridging the gap between theoretical analysis and real-world applications. Results say that the Two-Ray Ground Propagation models and FRIIS perform better than other models and the OLSR routing protocol performs better than AODV and DSDV.